Scientists ID Protein Exploited by Virus Ravaging West Africa

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A research team from several institutions being led by the University of California San Diego has deciphered a key component behind a rising epidemic of pathogens that the World Health Organization (WHO) recently added to its list of critical emerging diseases.

New research published July 12 in the journal PLOS Pathogens uncovered a protein enabling the replication of arenaviruses, pathogens carried by rodents that can infect humans and cause lethal hemorrhagic fevers. According to the WHO, the Lassa virus—an arenavirus with symptoms similar to the Ebola virus—is currently widespread in West Africa, with nearly 300,000 infections and more than 5,000 deaths reported per year. Research and identification of clinical targets to combat these diseases are urgently needed, the WHO has indicated.

Images show wild type (WT) and DDX3-deficient (ko-1) cells infected with Lassa virus (green). Note the significant drop in Lassa virus multiplication in DDX3-deficient cells.

Research led by Elina Zúñiga’s laboratory in UC San Diego’s Division of Biological Sciences identified DDX3, a protein involved in RNA metabolism, as a key factor promoting arenavirus multiplication through its unexpected ability to promote viral RNA synthesis and dismantle normal human immune system defenses.

The study, led by María Eugenia Loureiro and Andre Zorzetto-Fernandes, two postdoctoral fellows in Zúñiga’s lab, may pave the way to new therapeutic treatments for arenaviruses and hemorrhagic fever.

“Our results uncover novel mechanisms used by arenavirus to exploit the host machinery and subvert immunity, singling out DDX3 as a potential host target for developing new therapies against highly pathogenic arenaviruses,” the authors write in the study.

“Mortality due to Lassa fever can rise up to 50 percent for hospitalized patients in some outbreaks and to 90 percent for women in the last month of pregnancy,” said Zúñiga. “Currently there is no vaccine and no effective treatment for this virus. Therefore, understanding how arenaviruses exploit the host molecules is important and may lead to new treatments to fight these deadly infections.”

As part of the search for new drug targets, Zúñiga’s research team focused on arenavirus nucleoproteins, which play important roles in the viral life cycle and evasion of the immune system. The researchers analyzed protein interactions in a human cell line expressing the Lassa virus nucleoprotein. This revealed several candidate human proteins, whose roles were then investigated in loss-of-function experiments in infected cells. DDX3 emerged as a human protein that enhances viral growth.

Further experiments with Lassa virus and Junín virus, an arenavirus endemic in Argentina, confirmed the importance of DDX3 in arenavirus infection of human cells. The results suggest that DDX3 may have two distinct roles. First, it suppresses the production of type I interferons, key proteins needed for a robust antiviral state and immune response to infection. DDX3 also appears to enhance synthesis of arenavirus RNA, an important step in viral multiplication. These two DDX3-dependent arenavirus exploitation strategies were previously undiscovered.

Overall, these findings reveal the importance of DDX3 in arenavirus infection and identify it as a potential target for new anti-arenavirus strategies.

“This work was the result of a team effort from scientists at several institutions and raises new important questions on the mechanisms by which DDX3 favors arenavirus RNA synthesis and suppression of interferons,” said Zúñiga. “We are excited to continue this line of research to further evaluate in animal models the potential of targeting DDX3 to counteract infections with arenaviruses and perhaps other hemorrhagic fever viruses.”

In addition to Loureiro, Zorzetto-Fernandes and Zúñiga, coauthors of the paper include Simone Dallari, Nuha Marooki and Psylvia Lèger of UC San Diego’s Division of Biological Sciences; Sheli Radoshitzky, Xiaoli Chi and Sina Bavari of the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases; Sabrina Foscaldi and Nora López of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Argentina); Vince Harjono and Brian Zid of UC San Diego’s Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Sonia Sharma of the La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology; and Juan Carlos de la Torre of The Scripps Research Institute.

This study was supported by a scholar grant from the Lupus Research Alliance, a scholar research grant from the American Cancer Society, National Institutes of Health (grants AI081923 and AI113923) and UC San Diego’s School of Medicine Microscopy Core (grant P30 NS047101).

— Information also provided by PLOS Pathogens news release