During Year of Extremes, Carbon Dioxide Levels Surge Faster than Ever

Like other greenhouse gases, CO2 acts like a blanket, preventing heat from radiating from the atmosphere into space. The warming atmosphere fuels extreme weather events, such as heat waves, drought and wildfires, as well as heavier precipitation and flooding.

 “Over the past year, we’ve experienced the hottest year on record, the hottest ocean temperatures on record and a seemingly endless string of heat waves, droughts, floods, wildfires and storms,” said NOAA Administrator Rick Spinrad. “Now we are finding that atmospheric CO₂ levels are increasing faster than ever. We must recognize that these are clear signals of the damage carbon dioxide pollution is doing to the climate system, and take rapid action to reduce fossil fuel use as quickly as we can.

Levels measured at NOAA’s Mauna Loa Atmospheric Baseline Observatory by NOAA’s Global Monitoring Laboratory surged to a seasonal peak of just under 427 parts per million (426.90 ppm) in May. That’s an increase of 2.9 ppm over May 2023, and the fifth-largest annual growth in NOAA’s 50-year record.

The record two-year growth rate observed from 2022 to 2024 is likely a result of sustained high fossil fuel emissions combined with El Niño conditions limiting the ability of global land ecosystems to absorb atmospheric CO₂, said John Miller, a carbon cycle scientist with the Global Monitoring Laboratory. The absorption of CO₂ is changing the chemistry of the ocean, leading to ocean acidification and lower levels of dissolved oxygen, which interferes with the growth of some marine organisms.

For most of the past half century, continuous daily sampling by both NOAA and Scripps at Mauna Loa provided an ideal baseline for establishing long-term trends. In 2023, some of the measurements were obtained from a temporary sampling site atop the nearby Mauna Kea volcano, which was established after lava flows cut off access to the Mauna Loa Observatory in November 2022. With the access road still buried under lava, staff have been accessing the site once a week by helicopter to maintain the NOAA and Scripps in-situ CO₂ analyzers that provide continuous CO₂ measurements.

Scripps geoscientist Charles David Keeling initiated on-site measurements of CO₂ at NOAA’s Mauna Loa weather station in 1958. Keeling was the first to recognize that CO₂ levels in the Northern Hemisphere fell during the growing season, and rose as plants died in the fall. He documented these CO₂ fluctuations in a record that came to be known as the Keeling Curve. He was also the first to recognize that, in addition to the seasonal fluctuation, CO₂ levels rose every year.

NOAA climate scientist Pieter Tans spearheaded the effort to begin NOAA’s own measurements in 1974, and the two research institutions have made complementary, independent observations ever since.

While the Mauna Loa Observatory is considered the benchmark climate monitoring station for the northern hemisphere, it does not capture the changes of CO₂ across the globe. NOAA’s globally distributed sampling network provides this broader picture, which is very consistent with the Mauna Loa results. Similarly, the Scripps CO₂ program operates 14 global sampling stations. 

The Mauna Loa data, together with measurements from sampling stations around the world, are incorporated into the Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network, a foundational research dataset for international climate scientists and a benchmark for policymakers attempting to address the causes and impacts of climate change.

Measurements by the Scripps CO₂ program are supported by the US National Science Foundation, by the Eric and Wendy Schmidt Fund for Strategic Innovation, and by Earth Networks, a technology company that is collaborating with Scripps to expand the global GHG monitoring network.

In-kind support for field operations is also provided by NOAA, the National Science Foundation, Environment Canada, and the New Zealand National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research.

-- Adapted from NOAA

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