Crystals Ripple in Response to Light

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Infrared light triggers wavelike motions of atoms in a crystal of boron nitride. The waves, called surface phonon polaritons, can be measured with the arm of an atomic force microscope. Image by Siyuan Chen.

Light can trigger coordinated, wavelike motions of atoms in atom-thin layers of crystal, scientists have shown. The waves, called phonon polaritons, are far shorter than light waves and can be "tuned" to particular frequencies and amplitudes by varying the number of layers of crystal, they report in the early online edition of Science March 7.

These properties - observed in this class of material for the first time - open the possibility of using polaritons to convey information in tight spaces, create images at far finer resolution than is possible with light, and manage the flow of heat in nanoscale devices.

"A wave on the surface of water is the closest analogy," said Dimitri Basov, professor of physics at the University of California, San Diego, who led the project. "You throw a stone and you launch concentric waves that move outward. This is similar. Atoms are moving. The triggering event is illumination with light."

The team used infrared light to launch phonon polaritons across a material called hexagonal boron nitride - crystals that form sheet-like layers held together by the weakest of chemical bonds.

Siyuan Dai, a graduate student in Basov's research group who was responsible for much of the experimental work and is the first author of the report, focused an infrared laser on the tip of an atomic-force microscope as it scanned across this material, registering motions in the crystalline lattice.

The measurements revealed interference patterns created as the traveling waves reached edges of the material and reflected back. The amplitude and frequency of the waves depended on the number of layers in the crystal. Both properties will prove useful in the design of nanodevices.

"You can bounce these waves off edges. You can bounce them off defects. You can play all sorts of cool tricks with them. And of course, you can design the wavelength and amplitude of these oscillations in a way that suits your purpose," Basov said.

Interference patterns develop as surface phonon polaritons propagate across atom-thin layers of crystalline boron nitride and reflect back from edges.

The finding was something of a surprise. Boron nitride is an insulator used as a support structure for other materials, like graphene, which this group recently showed could support waves of electron densities called plasmon polaritons. Although similarly compact, plasmon polaritons rapidly dissipate.

"Because these materials are insulators, there is no electronic dissipation. So these waves travel further,” Basov said. “We didn’t expect them to be long-lived, but we are pleased that they are. It's becoming kind of practical."

Additional authors include Z. Fei, A.S. McLeod, M.K. Liu, M. Thiemens and M.M. Fogler of UC San Diego; Q. Ma and P. Jarillo-Herrero of MIT; A.S. Rodin of Boston University; W. Gannet, W. Regan and A. Zettl of UC Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; K. Watanabe and T. Taniguchi of the National Institute for Materials Science in Japan; Gerardo Dominguez of California State University, San Marcos; A.H. Castro Neto of Boston University and the National University of Singapore; and F. Keilmann of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.

The U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Naval Research, Air Force Office of Scientific Research funded this work. Additional support for participating researchers came from NASA, NSF, and the National Research Programme. Keilmann is a co-founder of Neaspec, producer of the scanning nearfield optical microscope used in this study.