Contamination from Marine Mammals May Hamper Recovery of California Condors

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Biologists have discovered high levels of pesticides and other contaminants from marine mammals in the tissues of endangered California condors living near the coast that they say could complicate recovery efforts for the largest land bird in North America.

“Even though marine mammals are a potentially abundant food source for condors, they might not be that safe to eat,” said Carolyn Kurle, an assistant professor of biology at UC San Diego and one of the senior authors of a study published this week in the journal Environmental Science and Technology that found high levels of persistent contaminants in California condors inhabiting the Central California coast when compared to inland condors.

California condors, vultures that feed on the carcasses of dead animals, were driven to near extinction in the 1980s, but their population has grown to over 400 birds today due in large part to the California Condor Recovery Program’s efforts. However, condors are not out of the woods yet. Research has demonstrated that lead poisoning from feeding on carcasses contaminated with lead-based ammunition is the principal threat preventing condor recovery.

Some California condors that were re-introduced into the wild in recent decades as part of recovery efforts supplement their diet with carcasses of marine mammals, which are less likely than land-based animals to contain lead in their tissues.

Because marine mammal carcasses can be an abundant food source for coastal scavengers and are thought to have helped prevent the extinction of California condors at the end of the last ice age, 11,700 years ago, biologists welcomed this type of ocean-front dining as a likely boon to the condors’ recovery efforts. But Kurle and the study’s two other senior co-authors, Victoria Bakker of Montana State University and Myra Finkelstein of UC Santa Cruz, found that coastal condors had 12- to 100-fold greater mean plasma concentrations of mercury, chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) than noncoastal populations.

Although the use of the pesticide DDT has been banned in the United States since 1972, the scientists found elevated levels of a highly persistent metabolite of DDT known as DDE in coastal condors as well as in marine mammals.

Kurle used a technique called “stable isotope analysis” to measure the naturally occurring ratios of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes within the blood of condors during routine blood checks and compared them to tissues from marine mammals to demonstrate that condors in the Central California flock, near Big Sur, fed on dead marine mammal carcasses that are washed up on the beaches. She also showed that condors in the Southern California flock, that typically stay inland, had stable isotope values indicative of feeding on terrestrial animals.

“The problem with condors eating marine mammals is that they contain significant amounts of contaminants that have been shown to harm reproduction in other birds and are therefore a potential threat to the ongoing recovery of California condors,” said Kurle.

Bakker of Montana State analyzed the levels of DDE in the blood plasma of condors and records of their observed behaviors over nearly two decades and found that the best predictor of a condor’s DDE level was the number of years it had been observed feeding on marine mammals. She used simulation models to extrapolate study results flock wide, predicting that about 40 percent of breeding-age coastal condors have DDE levels at or above levels that caused eggshell thinning in bald eagles and about 20 percent meet or exceed levels associated with nest failure in bald eagles.

“DDE is highly persistent and can accumulate in apex predators such as California sea lions and California condors,” said Bakker. “Our results indicate that ongoing marine foraging elevates DDE levels in condors, even for birds just entering the population today.”

“Condors find dead things to eat in two main places – carcasses scattered across the landscape and washed up on beaches. Unfortunately, human activities have resulted in contamination to both,” Bakker said. “We already know that lead contamination of land-based foods has a huge effect on condor population growth. We have more work to do to understand the relative importance of DDE in marine foods for the recovery of this iconic species.”

“Our study has conservation implications as condor biologists work to maximize the California condor's potential for population recovery,” said Kurle.

Other coauthors of the paper were Holly Copeland of the Nature Conservancy, Joe Burnett of the Ventana Wildlife Society, Jennie Jones Scherbinski of the National Park Service and Joseph Brandt of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Funding for the research project was provided by the Montrose Settlements Restoration Program and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.